Longitude is more precisely measured in minutes and seconds (with 60 seconds in a minute, just like time), or in decimal degrees. He compensated temperature fluctuations by bimetallic ship movements by connecting two identical pendulums (in the first draft) with a spring. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. In today's Watch and Learn, Ill discuss why the marine chronometer was just an important invention. at Greenwich, but Halley felt unable to judge his work. that John Harrisons timekeeper had kept time within the most stringent limits of the 1714 Act. You may review and change your choices at tudor@hausmann-co.com. Back in London, the results of the Lisbon trial suggested that Harrison might qualify for a reward under the Longitude Act. If is the declination of the observed celestial body and Ho is its observed altitude, the local hour angle, LHA, is obtained for a known latitude B by: The time sight was a complement to the noon sight or latitude by Polaris in order to obtain a fix. The story of the original chronometer is one fraught with marine tragedy, political skulduggery and the tenacity of arguably one of the most important watchmakers of all time. While the latitude was easy to be determined using a device called Sextant, the longitude was more difficult as there was no accurate way to do so. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/25\/Determine-Longitude-Step-3-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Determine-Longitude-Step-3-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/2\/25\/Determine-Longitude-Step-3-Version-3.jpg\/aid5987304-v4-728px-Determine-Longitude-Step-3-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. It is used to determine longitude by comparing Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and the time at the current location found from observations of celestial bodies. Finding longitude on land and at sea was a major preoccupation in France. As they neared England, Harrison announced that a headland the officers had thought was the Start was in fact the Lizard. This one is number 14,made by Howells, Barraud, and Jamison, 1802. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, Agency responsible for the maintenance and promotion of national parks and monuments, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/ca\/Determine-Longitude-Step-14-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Determine-Longitude-Step-14-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/c\/ca\/Determine-Longitude-Step-14-Version-3.jpg\/aid5987304-v4-728px-Determine-Longitude-Step-14-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. A prize of 20.000 pounds (some million of Euros today) was decided to the man who would be able to determine with a mistake of less than half degree the longitude during a sea trip toward Antilles. . 15 minutes of longitude = 1 minute difference 1 minute of longitude = 4 seconds difference. Many nations, such as France, have proposed their own reference longitudes as a standard, although the worlds navigators have generally come to accept the reference longitudes tabulated by the British. To determine "longitude by chronometer," a navigator requires a chronometer set to the local time at the Prime Meridian. To design and build a standardized seagoing timekeeper took decades. He was correct. Accuracies of less than 10 nautical miles (19km) error in position are difficult to achieve using the "longitude by chronometer" method. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. The untold story of getting from here to there. Prize money awards were distributed on the basis of 3 main criteria: Chronometer methods had to be able to determine longitude within one degree, determine longitude within 40 minutes, or more accurately determine longitude within 30 minutes. Getting direct feedback when you track your food really opens your eyes to what you're putting in your body. If you're transmitting your location coordinates to someone else, always tell them which coordinate system you're using. H4 ticks five times a second, since its large balance beats more quickly and with larger oscillations than a typical watch. He then wanted to design similarly accurate clocks for ships: he presented his concept in 1728 and his first model in 1735. What made the search for a way to determine longitude so important? . It seemed that it would be successful in measuring longitude. This exhibition is a collaboration between the National Air and Space Museum and the National Museum of American History. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. It was the French Pierre Le Roy who invented the chappement dtente, that allowed the almost-free oscillation of the balance wheel. Want to search our collection? At last, it seemed, here was a timekeeper that might be used to determine longitude at sea. The solution came from John Harrison, carpenter on a small town in the York countship, with a generic preparation on mechanics and mathematics, but with a strong technical imagination. These clocks achieved an accuracy of one second in a month, far better than any clocks of the time. Unlike his early clocks, it incorporates some original features to improve timekeeping, for example the grasshopper escapement. To find your latitude using the stars, you only need to find the North Star, called Polaris. During the mid-1720s he designed a series of remarkable precision longcase clocks. For example, suppose your location is about halfway between the line for 70 and the line for 80. The Harrisons and the Board of Longitude fall out, Back in England however, trouble began. If you want to find how far a state is from your own, you would want to use a map of the United States rather than one of the world. It is used to determine longitude by comparing Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), and the time at the current location found from observations of celestial bodies. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/6\/6b\/Determine-Longitude-Step-11-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Determine-Longitude-Step-11-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/6\/6b\/Determine-Longitude-Step-11-Version-3.jpg\/aid5987304-v4-728px-Determine-Longitude-Step-11-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. It was transferred to the Orford for the return, and this journey led to much better results. John Harrison was a carpenter by trade who was self-taught in clock making. The easiest way to find these coordinates is to use a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. No one in the 1750s thought of the pocket watch as a serious precision timekeeper. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. This will open a pop-up window. The Sextant reading is known as the 'Sextant Altitude'. Harrisons chronometer on display at National Maritime Museum in Greenwich. John Harrison, a British clockmaker, invented this device in 1737. H4 ticks five times a second, since its large balance beats more, and with larger oscillations than a typical watch, In 1761 the Commissioners gave permission for Harrison's son, William, to prepare for a voyage to Jamaica to trial the H4 timekeeper. It was not until a decade after the publication of the prize money that John Harrison began to study this topic, which would accompany him until the end of his life. Can you tell the time with flowers? For the next few years Harrison worked in Barrow upon Humber on a marine timekeeper, now known as H1. Harrison himself, already at an advanced age, had to build his next model without his original plans, but in collaboration with his son William he created another improved model, the H5. Accordingly, a global grid was developed, incorporating lines of latitude and longitude. The North Star . wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. Testing lasted 10 months, butH4did not perform well. The untold story of getting from here to there. A chronometer is a clock designed to have sufficient long-term accuracy that it can be used as a portable time standard on a vehicle, usually in order to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation. If you have a ruler handy, it can help you make a more precise estimate, especially if it's difficult to eyeball. Il sito web non in grado di funzionare correttamente senza questi cookie. He had achieved a low-friction running of his grandfather clocks with his grasshopper escapement, lubrication-free wooden gears avoided deviations due to resinous oil. by | Jun 30, 2022 | niebaum coppola family select | brian allen rams high school | Jun 30, 2022 | niebaum coppola family select | brian allen rams high school In 1714, the English Parliament had offered up to 20,000 pounds of prize money for a practicable solution to the length problem. A test drive with the first model developed by Harrison, today called H1, to Lisbon and back showed much higher accuracy than prescribed for obtaining the prize, but the journey time had not met the conditions of the tender. If you're expressing longitude in decimal degrees, longitude values west of the Prime Meridian are expressed as negative numbers. For example, the longitude of Paris, France is 2 29' E, which you would read as "2 degrees, 29 minutes east. Relations did not improve between the Board and the Harrisons. A trial, for both Harrison and his clock. The Board of Longitude had been set up to assess the proposals submitted and to administer the prize money. John Harrison, on the other hand, relied on sufficiently accurate clocks. A marine chronometer is a precision timepiece that is carried on a ship and employed in the determination of the ship's position by celestial navigation. Clockmaker John Harrison demonstrates a workable timepiece for finding longitude at sea. The destination for the new trial was to be Barbados, with Nevil Maskelyne appointed as the astronomer in charge. This variation must be added to or subtracted from the UTC of local apparent noon to improve the accuracy of the calculation. To design and build a standardized seagoing timekeeper took decades. This formula calculates the 'True Hour Angle' which is compared to the assumed longitude providing a correction to the assumed longitude. With an average 6 week transocean sail, this brings to a mistake of 600 miles! Harrisons friends and supporters began a propaganda campaign of newspaper articles, broadsheets and pamphlets. This painting by Ludolf Backhuysen depicts three Dutch cargo ships. On your computer, open Google Maps . What do parallels measure? Local time at the Prime Meridian has historically been called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), but now, due to international sensitivities, has been renamed as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and is known colloquially as "zulu time". By using our site, you agree to our. Its marine chronometer featured this innovation together with a balance wheel compensated to temperature changes and an hairspring with isochrones vibrations. The angular distance of the star above the horizon is then read from the graduated arc of the sextant. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/6\/61\/Determine-Longitude-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Determine-Longitude-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/6\/61\/Determine-Longitude-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/aid5987304-v4-728px-Determine-Longitude-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. This delayed the acceptance of his idea by decades. . These were the use of lunar distances, and Jupiters satellites. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a6\/Determine-Longitude-Step-8-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Determine-Longitude-Step-8-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/a\/a6\/Determine-Longitude-Step-8-Version-3.jpg\/aid5987304-v4-728px-Determine-Longitude-Step-8-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. By the time they reached Lisbon however, the machine was going much more reliably. Per ottenere ulteriori informazioni in merito all'utilit e al funzionamento di tali strumenti di Noon sight for longitude The Harrison N. 4 is a big pocket watch with a case diameter of 13 cm, featuring an old verge escapement, modified with a genius without precedents; a system remontoir to manage the power; ruby stones to reduce the friction of of the pivots while rotating; a bi-metallic brake on the balance wheel compensated the temperature changes; the verge small leverages were diamond-made. the Greenwich Hour Angle (Celestial Longitude - measured in a westerly direction from Greenwich) and Declination (Celestial Latitude - measured north or south of the equational or celestial equator), of the observed celestial body is known. If you choose a map that covers too broad of an area, there might not be enough detail for you to figure out where you are. babuino@hausmann-co.com, Hausmann Cross S.r.L. By the time they reached Lisbon, As they neared England, Harrison announced that a headland the officers had thought was the Start was in fact the Lizard. Over the course of many nights, on the leveled plateau, the rising and setting of the stars could be accurately marked, allowing for the . This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. Basic Principles of Marine Navigation by D A Moore Published by Kandy p89, Basic Principles of Marine Navigation by D A Moore Published by Kandy p81, American Practical Navigator (bowditch) by Nathanial Bowditch p253, Learn how and when to remove this template message, The free online Nautical Almanac in PDF format, Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time, http://sites.google.com/site/navigationalalgorithms/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longitude_by_chronometer&oldid=1132830561, Articles lacking in-text citations from June 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 20:17. The balance-spring is the watch's regulating organ that oscillates around its position of equilibrium, thereby exercising its fundamental role: to maintain a regular rhythm. How did the chronometer work? The observer is somewhere along the position line. patek@hausmann-co.com, Hausmann Kron srl Overall, it showed a deviation of 1 minute and 54.5 seconds on its return to England. Schaffhausen, Parmigiani What does Greenwich Mean Time mean? In ancient times, people positioned . 67,873 ratings3,235 reviews "Longitude" is the dramatic human story of an epic scientific quest. For example, suppose you find a spot that you think is your location. The invention of accurate marine chronometers changed the course of seafaring and navigation forever. Chronometer definition, a timepiece or timing device with a special mechanism for ensuring and adjusting its accuracy, for use in determining longitude at sea or for any purpose where very exact measurement of time is required. You are west of the Prime Meridian and there is a 5-hour difference (300 minutes). There was much to discuss when the Board met to consider the result of the trial in February 1765. The destination for the new trial was to be Barbados, with Nevil Maskelyne appointed as the astronomer in charge, Once at Barbados, they were to determine the islands longitude by observations of Jupiters satellites. It is used to determine longitude by comparing Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and the time at the current location found from observations of celestial bodies. After testing the clock on the River Humber, Harrison, At last, it seemed, here was a timekeeper that might, to determine longitude at sea. The Board's recommendation was that parliament should award Harrison 10,000, when he demonstrated the principles of H4. A marine chronometer is a precision timepiece that is carried on a ship and employed in the determination of the ship's position by celestial navigation. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. Back in London, the results of the Lisbon trial suggested that Harrison might qualify for a reward under the Longitude Act. For projections, you'll typically see the name of the person who developed it, the aspects of the projection, or a combination of the two. Divide by 2 and you get 13 hours, or 13:00, which would be 1:00 p.m. If you use a time converter, you'll find that when it is 11:42 a.m. in your location, it is 16:42 UTC. Parliament ruled that Harrison should be rewarded for his services to the nation, no doubt with the Kings encouragement. The time when the sun is highest in the sky is referred to as "local noon." The astronomical method was no less plagued with problems. They needed to ensure Harrison's wasn't a one off before paying out. Most GPS receivers derive coordinates using the WGS84 datum. Usually, it doesn't matter exactly which datum you're using. 4. How do you convert longitude to hours? How to Navigate With A Chronometer - YouTube Chronometers were invented for a purpose: Navigation. What does a chronometer have to do with a ship? It also meant that the H1 was working correctly. Harrison had built his first pendulum clock with a wooden wheel movement in 1713 and was later the first significant invention to compensate for the temperature dependence of pendulums: A grid consisting of two types of metal rods with different thermal expansion (steel and brass) prevented the total length of the pendulum from changing with temperature fluctuations. On April 3, 1693, self-educated English carpenter and clockmaker John Harrison was born. For example, the datum used by GPS systems is WGS84, the "World Geodetic System" that was created in 1984. This exhibition is a collaboration between the National Air and Space Museum and the National Museum of American History. Neither of these two watches was tested, because England was at war with Spain and they did not want to let such a device get into enemy hands. The Chronometer Making the sea clock practical was critical to improving sea navigation. The true revolution in the longitude calculation field had still to come. The first one invented was a marine chronometer, and it was created out of the necessity to have an accurate timekeeper for sea travel. 1909, world-map-by-philipp-eckebrecht-1630-g3200-1630-.e3.jpg, 230-shipwreck-a16333_f-ol_small-test_rgb.jpg, "Ships in Distress off a Rocky Coast," 1667, Navigation Gone Wrong: Wreck of the Arniston. force that is its history. Chronometer movement, made byJohn Roger Arnold about 1825. Harrison received just enough money from theBoard of Longitude for an improved model H2 (1737), later for the ball bearing H3. To design and build a standardized seagoing timekeeper took decades. Longitude by chronometer is a method, in navigation, of determining longitude using a marine chronometer, which was developed by John Harrison during the first half of the eighteenth century. In principle, you could tell your longitude by observing the angle between the Moon and a particular star then consulting an almanac . He was the oldest of five children, born in Foulby in the West Riding of Yorkshire, UK. Some years later the English Robert Hooke invented the hairspring balance-wheel. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. A marine chronometer is a precision timepiece that is carried on a ship and employed in the determination of the ship's position by celestial navigation. It seemed that it would be successful in measuring longitude. Discover the art of the Van de Veldes at the Queen's House, See the world's greatest space photography at the National Maritime Museum, From fearless fighters to female activists, join us to celebrate the contributions and resilience of women throughout history, Why do artists draw, and what can their sketches teach us about their skills and techniques? You can measure your latitude using either the Sun or the stars. So in a very meaningful sense, longitude is relative time. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/d\/d0\/Determine-Longitude-Step-10-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Determine-Longitude-Step-10-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/d\/d0\/Determine-Longitude-Step-10-Version-3.jpg\/aid5987304-v4-728px-Determine-Longitude-Step-10-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. northeastern university tennis roster; 11800 carmel creek rd, san diego, ca 92130 The grid-iron pendulum was developed during this period. The result will be local noon. Chronometers were also used to determine longitude on land. For more informations you can read our Cookie Policy and our Privacy Policy. The voyage out to Lisbon began poorly for both Harrison and his clock. The Invention of the ChronometerOverviewLocations on Earth are determined by a gridwork of lines, one set marking distance north or south of the equator and the other marking distance east and west of the Prime Meridian, running through Greenwich, England. It is used to determine longitude by comparing Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and the time at the current location found from observations of celestial bodies. Questo sito rilascia cookie di statistiche anominizzato per cui non necessaria il consenso preventivo. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, How to Write Latitude & Longitude in Degrees, Minutes, Seconds, & Decimals, https://astro.unl.edu/naap/motion1/tc_finding.html, https://www.globe.gov/support/faqs/data-entry/measurement-times, https://www.rmg.co.uk/sites/default/files/GCSE%20Astronomy%20Coursework%20-%20Shadow%20Stick%20or%20Sundial.pdf, https://www.presby.edu/doc/military/FM3-25-26.pdf, https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-interactive-middle-school-math-6-for-ccss/section/5.9/related/lesson/coordinate-locations-on-a-map-msm6/, https://gisgeography.com/latitude-longitude-coordinates/, https://www.icsm.gov.au/education/fundamentals-mapping/datums, https://www.nps.gov/gis/gps/gps4gis/how2s_byCatagories/others/2004forFireMgmt/2_Slides_Using_Maps_with_GPS.pdf, https://journeynorth.org/tm/LongitudeIntro.html, https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/longitude/. Others thought the solution was a good seaworthy clock, but no such clock existed. Add the two half-hours first to get one hour, then add the hours together to get 26 (19 + 6 + 1). It is impossible to determine longitude with an accuracy better than 10 nautical miles (19km) by means of a noon sight. It is used to determine longitude by comparing Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and the time at the current location found from observations of celestial bodies. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Determine-Longitude-Step-4-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Determine-Longitude-Step-4-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Determine-Longitude-Step-4-Version-3.jpg\/aid5987304-v4-728px-Determine-Longitude-Step-4-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. VAT reg.no 10721521002 This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. How Do Ships Navigate: With the Chronometer. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Harrison is remembered in history as solving the problem of Longitude. Therefore a clock working on the sea was fundamental in order to solve the longitude issue, and many watchmakers and scientist dedicated their studies to that challenge. and our Privacy Policy. La finalit quella di presentare annunci pubblicitari che siano rilevanti e coinvolgenti per il singolo utente e quindi di maggior valore per editori e inserzionisti di terze parti. Discover our range of books on John Harrison and his marine chronometers, and exclusive gifts to commemorate his life and his achievements. With it, mariners could determine their longitude, making navigation much more precise. Measure from your location outwards from the map to the straightest numbered line of latitude or longitude. The principle is still used today in mechanical chronometers. This is usually only possible at dawn and dusk. After an outpouring of ideas and generations of work, both a good clock and a good sextant for observations were invented. To copy the coordinates automatically, left click on the latitude and longitude. Naval Disasters And Longitude Act Most maps will also indicate whether the longitude is east or west, but it's good practice to know how to figure this out for yourself. Only after the King had threatened to appear before Parliament in person were Harrison granted a further 8750 in 1773, three years before his death. For latitude, just a 1 difference in measurement means a distance of 69.1 miles or 60 nautical miles. If two or more sights or measurements are taken within a few minutes of each other a 'fix' can be obtained and the observer's position determined as the point where the position lines cross. The Board's recommendation was that parliament should award Harrison 10,000, when he demonstrated the principles of H4, The remaining 10,000 (less payments already made) were to, that other makers could produce similar timekeepers. Obtain GHA and declination from Nautical Almanac; 3. . VAT reg.no 14970631009 In the early 1720s, Harrison was commissioned to make a new turret clock at Brocklesby Park, North Lincolnshire. Noon sights obtain the observer's Latitude. I cookie statistici aiutano i proprietari del sito web a capire come i visitatori interagiscono con i siti raccogliendo e trasmettendo informazioni. The Commissioners decided that the test had not been sufficient. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Navigation Gone Wrong: A British Fleet is Lost at Sea, Navigation Gone Wrong: Wreck of the Arniston, Frontispiece, The Mariners Mirrour, 1588, Escapement for Pierre LeRoy's marine clock, 1766 . It is an astronomical method of calculating the longitude at which a position line, drawn from a sight by sextant of any celestial body, crosses the observer's assumed latitude. how does a chronometer determine longitude. The chronometer is an instrument that accurately measures time. Required fields are marked *. The astronomical solution was based on tables of star occultations, which at that time could be calculated with sufficient accuracy, but which presupposed the visibility of the moon and were complicated to apply. Sailing without a chronometer proved deadly. work, refer to the cookie policy.
Johnny Depp Car Collection,
Ddt Is An Insecticide That Was Used Extensively Chegg,
Strava Activity Not Showing,
Rita Mohr Gibbsboro,
What Happened To Harry The Dog Millwall,
Articles H
how does a chronometer determine longitudeYou Might Also Like
how does a chronometer determine longitudewells fargo charlotte, nc corporate office address
how does a chronometer determine longitudejupiter country club membership fees
