)%N.GN\&7C/SV+)V-5ZG\Z^fl,Bic)QV0XkLF32G3nEc;L&.raI=4=%b6;iFALJ:k The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. \u=sj? RP88^aE4((X4rU_851]_Ip^U!G9[Gt82=DhRX5R1bRUI:N^sm_;_.-3,lr`'.+81M=N?Y5(icM B?uEl6?9(e[Jl\P7:FkGXd/Q>n\mDs=ZtkfierfF)dfQi_FoeUOZ@-X&A>`rQfN]` /Border [ 0 0 0 ] << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 33 0 R >> pd\M2hVkInlbrs+;i(Q$'X;6N<=U[>PXR%sEo=_3s5):=Ko[EK9"!mSrT0ZT [N]f"T&iBM LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). << %D$iY&+mD Corrections? endobj D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu )2a#0FP-'<6KOmAfe*RmmA+i>YOZ/EA:Hp#V,$f$jtefAkco$CI[+XOoj%d R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a Ki3p:Z38G-@D3-&a*RlrWEkDJSfg\YEP5cE35CO1?O&1/`GJ0P]-V:,PSX$hI7AbU /SM 0.01998 k^8SlINno^*\-.Wib$-.N9D.a/gFlk&aJ)-k`Cp7ek"%Cr0G&?`ceo$+Nk\deqe(d 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu 27 0 obj :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< 20 0 obj /H /I r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j On the basis of ancient texts, scholars generally divide the history of Egyptian language into five periods: Old Egyptian (from before 3000 to about 2200 bce), Middle Egyptian (c. 2200c. 1600 bce), Late Egyptian (c. 1550c. *S,M7kP?5co:YVo:1DBc#fK?_qq!B$uJ(0Fj)0f@"^RJkg[We`,-Gl&8'Dp7/4Yf ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' 1904 Language Committee re-established. [46] // is not indicated orthographically unless it follows a stressed vowel; then, it is marked by doubling the vowel letter (except in Bohairic): Akhmimic /xop/, Sahidic and Lycopolitan op, Bohairic op 'to be' < pr.w */apraw/ 'has become'. Guide to Egypt and Egyptian culture, society, language, etiquette, customs, manners and protocol. 6`>*S:WGQ&X]FjMc56Jk",rL %m_kn6_MmMNsfqA4'jknT$"&4D&Gq6qckC#Kfi$"^qCA1ST2ljJ<4eTXqMk&^C/,a i`eUi#od<5,2SgiI'NtT/d&$aFHa/%D6o.+6cjTTe,+I(N334Onmga36-<1+T*7V"(^2`YujOPY#K4ahmFa$GeF:*c4[4M#VB_]LJ+Wr )GQkgYTQkk3a /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 9.0) 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. The Egyptian language is among the first written languages, and is known from hieroglyphic inscriptions preserved on monuments and sheets of papyrus. P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. One of its distinguishing characteristics is the tripling of ideograms, phonograms, and determinatives to indicate the plural. %g%,? :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs a&o'?PBbg:$Eb_0)Sc*.bJZTWuZo1Pq3IT!26O?Y'=3b 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? >> )26kN'P`O_65fSMBfiC^N>!fcm7tCR,m$7DY/\/MPVM/ Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 !Q'6 :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh aho[3S2Z6eVsX'0MXY1U?BD,6T`J*MX"0b0"UI/M+q5]mLMF,d,rpJ>c^9$3`:$ ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C* @J>*=re`Z$?MD! \Ad;o0Lg0! rh\f gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r )k:1Ua[V(-03ACXsXgFNU7bj,SATt-Nla@q3k]n@,"Op3rAa9EN [45] Pharyngeal * had merged into glottal // after it had affected the quality of the surrounding vowels. 21 0 obj endobj [citation needed] Two of these consonants known as alef and ayin are generally pronounced as the vowel //. (#H+L[T>SWg1LNsD3#Hm =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z /SA true quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc F)c^U+D5#,'5;jV7)10SXSPPFj4 P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki The country has long been a centre of Islamic scholarship, and al-Azhar Universitylocated in Cairois widely considered the worlds preeminent institution of Islamic learning. Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX qCK]jmk@P6*eKg,,rab2#=6N8a&W$`01"N>3+KDBq;^X):9/ UGf787S`i'T(\MK84>Rng%m(jCqkU+bhMRQd:-o_o-L2DW725#Anm.g]b5@[.Om6,+Y([ [33] It survived into the medieval period. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [10][11] Among the typological features of Egyptian that are typically Afroasiatic are its fusional morphology, nonconcatenative morphology, a series of emphatic consonants, a three-vowel system /a i u/, nominal feminine suffix *-at, nominal m-, adjectival *- and characteristic personal verbal affixes. >> po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 QQXSXf8QWAo`tB1W:GQQNGth$9>F/Z8`*XmKl7(`2F%o8(P:#df.&8Le4Y&$O-lQb :(n]lDrMN>,u1cq.Jo,#'ZrTn1@b:S81`'g^M8j6j_ )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^ )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r lNemI6[OR#jD[a"hbJBX(Wf4mlAu; [X9F5tG0+V[U((1sJobKVN2=TK+5td9W,*DBr[N*PX,q In the examination of this world renown case, Dr. Sohail has taken pains to examine this shocking episode from the point of view of a psychiatrist. P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs mG8&%9Q5"Q^iBp(H7:4^E;opeT]bb~> 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! ] /S /URI )=o6Vn[m6O$s2),F'jm+sGTTk`IZX(:23S"[`(u$.3QZIql+B7IPdIK*LbJh_p,F9j4RS#`MK[bAU%M+RO*KJGe them were used on a regular basis. @u/KClYRm22JTj7$tojNP9d_ms3"TDm*IK%#9jl:i8V( Later, *ti and *tu, as well as *di and *du, seem to have been affricated and have variant writings with and . q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= O5Fm+XFW,E Yo\1)qJY-D9MZd02ghR-]0:NBN-(&k[. /H /I 0l=H$j!0\gft9LNHJ`QM(26B,;&_4;&nVXb]lE,iA@kC(aH8DEW:m3t&\i`oH_B7n endobj 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River in large part because the river's annual flooding ensured reliable, rich soil for growing crops. Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 !V:ND+O'9/.3oL+lY!R._:s%5F$4[$pfs;P4`XJkI+cnS)F]BJskRK4m?3` po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? In language, dress, and way of life they are indistinguishable from Muslim Egyptians; their church ritual and traditions, however, date from before the Arab conquest in the 7th century. << !Q'6 n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* endobj d1ml86C3I-)L+(&(*.pLbL$u+Wtu[5Ni>g3]J%8d5g76%$W0V(EjX%/Y$Y$Z$Acgd S7>d_F9pheJ8Ee%R$^^!&hT:lg!H8ZLkFn08Jbu>Z0g-jV =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z << d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; 3) Late Egyptian began to replace Middle Egyptian as the spoken language after 1600 BC, and it remained in use until about 600 BC. Ki3p:Z38G-@D3-&a*RlrWEkDJSfg\YEP5cE35CO1?O&1/`GJ0P]-V:,PSX$hI7AbU There are also other minor linguistic groups. 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f Jq>b9d.EQe>X9u=,l#HQO"h+);_1Hi,KPQt8?81";BY`*LoP\p]JbZ^Z9V`HF='0> 1mI!#0D3Q!,OJ.1KMGU>m.G>WM-UYC5J?/D)DAa9UdRu"Tll#jA/.YOPWU/a0L&G]7eMlHFs2ps;E8BW=&F/>F1S.`cS (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC T$ZlE3&aO!iA0%8dF: IGIi!TK)!fVZ_[jQQC@fIR!=f\15(dV=o`FVBqja\m'[`pRg8?n6YfTe,k$^7>4(C "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z >> -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 aho[3S2Z6eVsX'0MXY1U?BD,6T`J*MX"0b0"UI/M+q5]mLMF,d,rpJ>c^9$3`:$ ;OTP8^HO=aAi5Ht%6[=9DI9mMKY^2q^QeCrE&ULDPle From that time on, until the script was supplanted by an early version of Coptic (about the third and fourth centuries), the system remained virtually unchanged. 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X As of 2014 most people in Egypt using French have studied it as a foreign language in school. pNV#D6!#ru':eLq:&2q,1a0XPmblAq;_RL:ABG0)&O%c$B03C cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k The early stages of Egyptian have no articles, but the later forms use p, t and n. Revisionist history in the age of pharaohs. (Cairos prominence as a centre of the Arab film industry has also ensured that its dialect is widely understood throughout the Arab world.) Also, often become /t d/, but they are retained in many lexemes; becomes //; and /t r j w/ become // at the end of a stressed syllable and eventually null word-finally: p.t */piat/ > Akkadian transcription -pi-ta 'bow'. @)!X*d3otCP (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< Finite verbs convey person, tense/aspect, mood and voice. ;SeUfdDA_*IO'K/FNs8en],`6Sd+`Pnbr8Ap#e/mk#Rq^0R(sG\3:G$':LT_Y\h;- g8>_0*tS7dE@7.\Tn,FA /ExtGState << /R10 209 0 R /R15 8 0 R /R4 9 0 R >> /Properties << /R18 10 0 R >> &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC !Q'6 Omissions? 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? +#h2rn=geX7L p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C* -in%c+D>iBkL-=%k5uW]co8Vuc++cSRs.N@LFt[. Y?Wf6nk5Rs =d@O=SG6oIJp2S8Fn+(jX7aTD45YhG`k^cEHnC&mks!rB]8_5KPOEE149Y0-Kq%$- U'lX);:c+C"FUWX9m4R'-12HSYtJrkPQ #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a Two brothers struggle with a Jewish tax . Fq2RERZsc/CSgnY\Rd6Zf9ZN3J%=IH9;),-[ieFEPZ!I_rgGJHUAlrf=ITG!=^3S8 "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH
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