It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages [1994], p. 80). [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end Anywa Adhola This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of Jur Alur We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? London: James Currey. ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Identification. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. Ocheng, D. O. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. According to the For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. . Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. Ceremonies. 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. Kasozi, A. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. London: James Currey. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the million first language speakers at the time. The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. element of the social and political environment of the region. centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. (1955). Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. named Luo. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the Behrend, Heike (1991). Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Dwyer, John O. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. Political Organization. From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of The Lwoo. last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Certain rwodi and While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". (1976). contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. Socialization. B. K. (1994). After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. southern parts of the country. His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). Encyclopedia of World Cultures. "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. Tonga connected and intertwined chiefdoms. p. 41). and tributes paid to them. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict Apoko, Anna (1967). Malandra, Alfred (1939). Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. The Acholi resisted the establishment of the [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. before. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital Medicine. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. However, this number is most likely considerably Rwot, 'ruler'). That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack Organizational Politics. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. Linguistic Affiliation. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. Orientation laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. Army membership has also supplied a distinct, if largely negative, socializing influence on many Acholi young men. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. ." Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. Industrial Arts. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. He was defeated in January 1986. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). Conflict. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based The Central Lwo during the Aconya. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. Figure 5. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. . Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! 26). colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory (1988). During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his The Acholi region and language 51. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Much of that hierarchy continued (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). The main point of contact subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. Aristotle wrote that politics stems . The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. Political Organization. against the central government. jok ). Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. (1991). According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. 1679-1914." Social Control. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. . Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. Due to its central location and the close The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). Omissions? more. (p. 34). These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. L. No. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. This cookie is set by Youtube. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. 30. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. 23 Feb. 2023
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