D. Flower close-up, some tepals removed. Bulbs from A. cepa are thought to have been used as a popular vegetable everywhere for millennia. Herreria. Name the types of nitrogenous bases present in the RNA. Sinauer Associates. Dracaena and Xanthorrhoea yield resin. Monochasial cymes enclosed by 2 or 3 membranous bracts arranged in an umbellate fashion on an erect leafless scape. As he saw it, the Liliaceae were already paraphyletic ("catch-all"), being all Liliales not included in the other orders, but hoped that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. Accordingly formula 69 is not intended to depict absolute configuration. The Liliaceae consist of perennial herbs. FIGURE 7.30. J. Calochortus splendens. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular, axile placentation, 2 ovules per loculus; style short filiform, stigma minute. Consequently, many sources and descriptions labelled "Liliaceae" deal with the broader sense of the family. 7. Introduction The genus Veratrum consists of about 45 species in the northern regions on the earth, including 14 species in China, which plays an important role in Liliaceae family [1, 2]. The ovary matures as a capsule or a berry with 3 to numerous seeds. By 1562 the tulip trade had reached Europe with the first shipment to Antwerp,[90] where they were mistaken for vegetables,[91] although they had been cultivated in Portugal since 1530, and first appeared in illustration in 1559, and the first tulip flowers were seen in the Netherlands in 1625. The most newly defined families and subfamilies presumeably follow genetic lines and should be reasonably stable in the future. These vary from the large Fritillaria imperialis (crown imperial) available in a number of colours such as yellow or orange, to much smaller species such as Fritillaria meleagris or Fritillaria uva-vulpis with their chequered patterns. One particularly important crop is the production of Lilium longiflorum, whose white flowers are associated with purity and Easter.[59]. Queen's Cup. WebA suitable plant regeneration protocol has been developed from scale leaf and bulb scale explants of Scillahyacinthine, a medicinally important plant species belonging to the family liliaceae.The maximum number of shoots (13.2), with average length 6.5 cm, was achieved with medium containing 1.5 mg/l TDZ. Symptoms of the disease include chlorotic flecks, oval lesions and streaks, appearing early in the season. Mulethi is a medicinal plant of Fabaceae The common cultivated garden plants are Tulipa, Lilium, Gloriosa, Aloe, Ruscus, Dracaena, Asparagus, Yucca, Hemerocallis etc. Botany, Plant Taxonomy, Angiosperms, Monocotyledons, Families, Liliaceae. Most showy monocot flowers with parts in threes belong to the Lily family or one of its allies. Many plants that were formerly included in the Lily family are now included in the Bunchflower, Amaryllis, and Asparagus families, so be sure to read about them for comparison. In fact, ajoene attenuated the high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, occasionally an end-result of prolonged MetS (Han etal.,2011; Panickar,2013). 1997 - 2021 Thomas J. Elpel. The female gameto-phyte is of the monosporic, Polygonum type or the tetrasporic, Fritillaria type. 3. B. Lilium sp., with erect flower. [81], Fritillaria extracts are used in traditional Chinese medicine under the name chuan bei mu, and in Latin, bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae. A. sativum (Liliaceae), known as garlic is a strongly aromatic bulb crop believed to originate from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan. Fritillaria are also often used as floral emblems, for instance as the county flower of Oxfordshire, UK. The proliferation of deer populations in many areas, due to human factors such as the elimination of their animal predators and introduction to alien environments, is placing considerable herbivory pressure on many of the family's species. The tepals may also become bleached or necrotic, resembling symptoms caused by TNV. Of the cut flowers, 57% are used for the domestic market in the Netherlands and the remainder exported. Allium cepa ( Chapter 14) and Allium Aloe vera, a member of the Liliaceae family, is a perennial plant with turgid green leaves joined at the stem in a rosette pattern. Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Herbaceous, or woody, solid or fistular, underground; aerial climbing or erect; underground stem may be corm, bulb or rhizome. E. Colchicaceae, Burchardia umbel-lata. 6, in two words of three each, polyphyllous (Lilium, Tulipa) or gamophyllous (Aloe, Asparagus) and of various shapes; petaloid or sepaloid; imbricate in bud, usually valvate aestivation, perianth may be scarious or membranous. J. Engelmann, J. Hamacher, in Encyclopedia of Virology (Third Edition), 2008. Economic importance includes several taxa of value as ornamental cultivars, including lilies, Lilium, and tulips, Tulipa. F. Whole plant, with whorled leaves. and riceroot (Fritillaria spp. Gloriosa, Colchicum. It is also known as the lily family. In rats that were made diabetic by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ), a reduction in hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia was observed with garlic, or with a mixture containing garlic, ginger, and turmeric (Madkor etal.,2011). Fourteen distinct types are available in addition to botanical tulips, including Lily-flowered, Fringed, Viridiflora, and Rembrandt. Long-Time Changin' in the Liliaceous Families", "Liliaceae Segregated According to Brummitt (1992)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&oldid=1127719218, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with dead external links from October 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 16 December 2022, at 08:10. Tulips are propagated via bulbs, which develop at the base of the bulb of the previous year. Lilium lancifolium. Variable-solitary (Tulipa, Fritillaria), panicled raceme (Asphodelus), cymose umbel (Allium, Smilax), solitary axillary (Gloriosa). Aloe:. The viruses are transmitted by aphids. Share Your PPT File. By Martin Bucher. 2. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". (2006) for phy-logenetic analyses of the order. [5] Those of the genus Lilium are particularly palatable, while species in Fritillaria are repellant. The overy is positioned superior and consists of 3 united carpels, as indicated by the same number of stigmas. He has included Allium, Agapanthus in the family Amaryllidaceae of his order Amaryllidales; Yucca, Dracaena, Sanseuiera, Phormium in the family Agavaceae of his order Agavales; Xanthorrhoea in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae of his order Agavales. Examples include tulips, onions, lilies, etc. Lilium. Broken down in cooking and food preparation in the gut to produce isothiocyanates and other products. Tulips (Tulipa) also have a long cultural tradition, particularly in the Islamic world. A. cepa is cultivated by about 170 countries for domestic use and about 8% of the global production is traded internationally. Fig: Family Liliaceae Habit The plants in the Liliaceae family are perennial herbs. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. A. cepa L. (Liliaceae), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium, and probably originates from Central Asia (Messiaen and Rouamba,2004). Associated with decreased risk of cancer. The family has close affinity with Amaryllidaceae from which it can be distinguished by the presence of superior ovary, and absence of corona. This particularly happens when soil temperatures rise above 9C. These toxins include scopolamine and hyoscyamine, which 4, Issue 6, Part B. D,E. Many Liliaceae are important ornamental plants, widely grown for their attractive flowers and involved in a major floriculture of cut flowers and dry bulbs. Some species are poisonous if eaten and can have adverse health effects in humans and household pets. A number of Liliaceae genera are popular cultivated plants in private and public spaces. WebLiliaceae Medicinal Plants. Aletris. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Seeds can be used for propagation of the plant or to create hybrids and can take five to eight years to produce flowering plants. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Herbs rarely shrubs, stem underground rhizome, corm or bulb; leaves alternate, flowers actinomorphic, trimerous, hypogynous, perianth 6 in two whorls of 3 each, free or fused; stamen 3+3, epiphyllous, antiphyllous; gynoecium tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, axile placentation, two to many ovules per loculus; fruit capsule or berry; seed endospermic. Under field conditions, V. californicum consumed by pregnant ewes causes early embryonic death and the only clinical sign is the rancher observing open ewes (Keeler, 1990). Liliaceae is regarded as a typical monocot family and represents the basic monocot stock from which many families have arisen. Considerable progress in plant phylogeny and phylogenetic theory enabled a phylogenetic tree to be constructed for all of the flowering plants, as elaborated by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998).[6]. Climber with tips of leaves turned into tendrils. Onions are cultivated and used throughout the world. Most species are grown from bulbs, although some have rhizomes. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. I. Fritillaria biflora, chocolate lily, flower. Engler and Krause divided the family into 12 sub-families as follows: Rhizome or bulb covered with scale leaves and with terminal inflorescence, e.g. They also form a significant part of the cut flower market, in particular Tulipa and Lilium. Indian Cucumber. The family Liliaceae consists of fifteen genera and approximately 600 species in all. List of genera of family Liliaceae, arranged by Subfamilies and Tribes according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website and Angiosperm Phylogeny Group [1] Medeoleae Benth. (synonyms: Medeolaceae Takht., Medeoloideae Benth.) Some of these species are used as medicinal plants for a long time in European, Asian, and North American countries [3]. Cooking reduces the activity of isothiocyanates. A few examples: garlic, asparagus, chives, shallots, onions, and leeks. whorled, usually sheathing, rarely petiolate, simple, and parallel veined [rarely net-veined]. Flowers are zygomorphic in some genera (Lilium, Hemerocallis). This chapter introduces 69 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Aletris laxiflora, Aletris pauciflora var. As with the Asparagales, family delimitations of the Liliales have undergone a number of changes in recent years. [59][60], Original Tulipa species can be obtained for ornamental purposes, such as Tulipa tarda and Tulipa turkestanica. Shrubby xerophytic plant, wild on rocks with dull red flowers. Sand Lily. S-allylcysteine significantly improved glucose levels and insulin sensitivity in STZ-induced diabetic rats (Mathew and Augusti,1973; Panickar,2013). The Liliaceae in the past has been treated as a large assemblage (Liliaceae sensu lato), which has more recently been broken up into numerous segregate families. [26][27][82] The bulbs of Fritillaria roylei have been used as antipyretics and expectorants. 4. The name "Liliaceae" (English: /lliesi, -sia, -sie, -sii/) comes to international scientific vocabulary from New Latin, from Lilium, the type genus, + -aceae,[47] a standardized suffix for plant family names in modern taxonomy. Botanical name Family Common name Plant part used Medicinal value Liliaceae Satavari Root High fever, antioxidant, sexual weakness Endospermic; endosperm horny or cartilagenous. Short rhizome with arrow or lanceolate radical leaves e.g. [40] While some genera are shade-dwelling, such as the Medeoleae, and Streptopoideae, Tricyrtis, and Cardiocrinum, others prefer a more open habitat. shastense, with pendant flower. G. Trillium grandiflorum. Urginea sp. [86] Its three parts have been associated with the three classes of mediaeval society,[87] or alternatively faith, wisdom and chivalry. The taxonomy of the Liliaceae has a very complex history. The virus is transferred to the roots specifically adhering to the zoospores of the chytridiomycete Olpidium brassicae. Being the simplest member identified of the 3a-hydroxycyclotryptamines, representing the N-1 methylated skeleton, the structure is of considerable interest not at least for reference purposes. Primitive Living Skills | Outdoor Wilderness Living School, LLC Deformities of the limbs can occur in lambs if the ewes are exposed on gestation days 28 to 32. The Liliaceae are ecologically diverse. The binomial names or scientific names of medicinal plants from the family Solanaceae are: Atropa belladona, Solanum trilobatum and Withania somnifera Solve any question of Morphology Of Flowering Plants with:- Patterns of problems > Was this answer helpful? [21] Major evolutionary clades include the Lilieae (Lilium, Fritillaria, Nomocharis, Cardiocrinum, Notholirion) from the Himalayas about 12mya and the Tulipeae (Erythronium, Tulipa, Gagea) from East Asia at about the same time. Stamens 6, epiphyllous, in two whorls of 3 each, polyandrous, anthers dithecous; dorsifixed or versatile inferior. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. When young plants are infected, severe yellowing of leaves or browning of veins in stems may occur. Plants may become stunted and flowers sometimes deformed. LVX is a potexvirus, which normally does not lead to pronounced symptoms in most cultivars, but enhances symptoms of LSV. In this chapter, we have discussed the evidence of the pharmacological properties as well as the phytochemical composition of onion as obtained from scientific publications retrieved in Pubmed, Sciencedirect, Scopus, Web-of-knowledge, and Google Scholar. Medicinal plant Allium sativum = A Review. The Liliales is a fairly large group of monocotyledons that include 10 families (Table 7.2). Welcome to BiologyDiscussion! Many Liliaceae are important ornamental plants, widely grown for their attractive flowers and involved in a major floriculture of cut flowers and dry bulbs. Distribution of Liliaceae 3. This review article includes 195 medicinal plants form various plant families. They are generally used in outdoor gardens and other displays, although in common with many bulbous flowering plants they are often induced to bloom indoors, particularly during the winter months. They comprise of all different plant F. Philesiaceae, Geitonoplesium sp. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. [36] The other major grouping consists of the five genera constituting the Streptopoideae (including Scoliopus) and Calochortoideae (including Tricyrtis) subfamilies characterised by creeping rhizomes, styles which are divided at their apices, and by megagametophyte development of the Polygonum-type (a simple megaspore and triploid endosperm) embryo-sac. Retrieved 29 January 2014. It is a family of monocotyledonous plants. Tulips originated from Central Asia and include about 100 different species. (With Methods)| Industrial Microbiology, How is Cheese Made Step by Step: Principles, Production and Process, Enzyme Production and Purification: Extraction & Separation Methods | Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation of Olives: Process, Control, Problems, Abnormalities and Developments. comprise medicinal value. The fruit is a loculicidal, septicidal, or irregularly dehiscent capsule or a berry. Medeola virginiana, Indian cucumber-root. Species of Veratrum contain the alkaloids jervine, cyclopamine (11-deoxojervine) and cycloposine (3-glucosyl-11-deoxojervine), and these compounds are known to be teratogenic (Keeler, 1984). V. Perigonal nectaries are present, at the tepal bases. [2] They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Montana. The perianth is biseriate and 3+3, homochlamydeous or dichlamydeous, apotepalous, perianth parts sometimes spotted or striate. Calochortus nuttallii. Lilies have 3 sepals and 3 petals, which are identical in size The cultivation of lilies has been described since at least the ninth century, when Charlemagne ordered it to be grown at his imperial palaces. Breeding programs have produced a wide range of tulip types, enabling blooming through a much longer season by creating early, mid- and late spring varieties. Underground tunicated bulb, extremely reduced to a conical disc like structure. Distinctive hot, pungent flavour caused by breakdown products. In Ruscus outer whorl of stamens is reduced to staminodes. Thomas J. Elpel's Web World Pages These are referred to as species, or botanical, tulips, and tend to be smaller plants but better at naturalising than the cultivated forms. The fruit is generally a wind dispersed capsule, but occasionally a berry (Medeoleae) which is dispersed by animals. 2. [29] Over time the family became increasingly broad and somewhat arbitrarily defined as all species of plants with six tepals and a superior ovary, eventually coming to encompass about 300genera and 4,500species within the order Liliales under the Cronquist system (1981). The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) made rapid progress in establishing a modern monophyletic classification of the flowering plants by 2009. Sepals and petals usually identical. We concentrate on virus diseases of the genera Tulipa and Lilium, as they represent large genera with economically very important ornamentals. The stamens are usually in two groups of three (trimerous) and the pollen has a single groove (monosulcate). Return to the Plant Families IndexReturn to the Wildflowers & Weeds Home Page. Only the, Rudall et al. International trade in cut flowers has an approximate total value of 11 billion euros, which provides an indication of the economic importance of this activity. Garlic Allium sativum the Liliaceae family, is among the oldest of all cultivated plants. More than 20 different viruses are reported to infect tulips, the most important of which are TBV, TNV, and TRV. Fresh onion juice has antibacterial properties due to allicin, disulfide, and cysteine compounds and their interactions; an antiplatelet aggregation effect in human and animal blood has been reported due to regular consumption of onion (Mittal etal.,1974; Baghurst etal.,1977; Lawande,2012). [51][52] In modern times tulip breeders have produced varieties that mimic the effect of the virus, without being infected. WebThe Lily Family, Liliaceae, consists of fifteen genera and about 705 known species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. Ashwagandha and Atropa belladonna are medicinal plants of Solanaceae which is a dicot family. Ca. The leaves are basal or cauline, spiral or (in Lilium and Fritillaria spp.) Alternative Title: lily family. Liliaceae, the lily family of the flowering plant order Liliales, with 16 genera and 635 species of herbs and shrubs, native primarily to temperate and subtropical regions. Members of the family usually have six-segmented flowers and three-chambered capsular fruits; occasionally the fruits are berries. In Africa, garlic is used as an antibiotic, and it has a reputation for lowering bloodpressure and cholesterol, and inhibiting thrombus formation (http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29). A. sativum has been and continues to be subject of particular research interests for scientists of various fields with more than 5000 scientific publications recorded in Pubmed, related to the keyword A. sativum (Fig. Tankeo etal. is a Liliaceae plant which is used to make pesticides. Climbing shrubs with netveined leaves, e.g. [7] (See also Evolution). [58][92] Eventually speculative trading in tulips became so intense as to cause a financial bubble which eventually collapsed, a period known as tulip mania (tulipomania), from 1634 to 1637,[93][94] similar to the Ottoman Empire's Tulip era. Also fungi, viruses and vertebrate animals such as mice and deer. [26][27] Tulips can cause skin irritation due to the presence of tuliposides and tulipalins,[78][79][80] which are also found in the flowers, leaves and stems of Fritillaria. In Smilax stipulate and stipules are modified into tendrils. Share Your Word File Panicled raceme, borne on branched leafless scape. [66], Bulb offsets and tissue culture produce genetic clones of the parent plant and thus maintaining genetic integrity of the cultivars. Glacier National Park. In Ruscus and Asparagus aerial stems bear phylloclades (modified leaf-like branches), corm (Colchicum); secondary growth in Yucca. Other viruses, reported to naturally infect lilies are ArMV, TRSV, ToRSV, CMV, TRV, TSWV, TMV, and SLRSV. Other symbolic meanings include glory, love and birth. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Melanthiaceae. Bulb or short rhizome, cymose umbel, e.g. Give an example. Note nectary at base of tepal. Mostly herbs (Asphodelus), perennating by rhizome (Aloe), bulb (Lilium, Tulipa, Allium), tree (Dracena), climber (Asparagus, Smilax), xerophytic plants like Yucca, Aloe; cladodes in Asparagus and Ruscus. [88] Whatever its exact derivation, it has come to be associated with France and the French monarchy since the earliest Frankish kings. INTERIOR PLANTS Plant FamiliesLamiaceae to Liliaceae. Photographed along the northern California coast. WebLiliaceae comprises 50 genera and approximately 600 species of flowering plants with many of them been used as spices and vegetables. Flowers arise on the upper surface of phylloclades. Nevertheless, since then the tulip has become indelibly associated with the Netherlands and all things Dutch. However, most of the West African countries as well as Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia are also producers (http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29). The stems are usually bulbous, rhizom-atous in some. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APweb)[2] recognizes three subfamilies, one of which is divided into two tribes.[11]. Please e-mail Thomas J. Elpel to report mistakes or to inquire about purchasing high resolution photos of these plants. Asphodelus tenuifolius (H. Paiz) (Fig. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". K. Calochortus venustus. JUNE: Lilies", "How A Turkish Blossom Enflamed the Dutch Landscape". Alline is optically active ([]D+136.3 in CHCl3) but the absolute configuration seems to be undetermined. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Tobacco necrosis virus D (TNV-D) causes the so-called Augusta disease, named after the variety in which it was first detected. LILIALES, exemplars. [30], Many other botanists echoed Lindley's earlier concerns about the phylogeny of the Liliaceae, but various schemes to divide the family gained little traction. Approximately ten countries produce lilies commercially altogether. In Pakistan, garlic extract is traditionally taken orally to settle the stomach, treat coughs, and reduce fever (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). [71][72][73] Dogs may develop less serious effects such as gastrointestinal problems and central nervous system depression. Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. The roots of Asparagus (H. Satavaer) yields a tonic. Dahlgren (1985) suggested there were in fact forty not one families distributed over three orders (predominantly Liliales and Asparagales). WebLiliaceae is a family of angiosperms. Photographed in New Zealand. Webmedicinal plants as a single dose or in combination with others. Contemporary tulip owners commonly had Rembrandt and other artists paint their flowers to preserve them for posterity, hence the 'broken' tulips were known as Rembrandt tulips at that time. It causes chlorotic or necrotic streaks in leaves and streaks of intensified color mainly at the margins of tepals. See Hayashi and Kawano (2000), Patterson and Givnish (2002), and Tamura (1998a,b). Radical, simple, cylindrical, green, pointed, smooth, apex acute, exstiuplate, sessile, sheathing leaf-base, parallel venation. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. LAMIACEAE Also known as Labiatae Opposite leaves, square stems and frequently have essential oils that are fragrant Used for ornamentation, flavor and medicinal use Over 200 genera and 3200 species. (2007). Symptoms develop as chlorotic mottle to stripe-mosaic (Figure 59) and leaves may be twisted or show narrowing. Currently the APWeb lists fifteen genera, arranged as shown in this table:[2][11]. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Asia to China. What is a trophic hormone? Both Lilium and Tulipa are susceptible to a group of five viruses of the family Potyviridae, specifically the potyvirus (named for potato virus Y) group, which includes the tulip-breaking virus (TBV) and the lily streak virus (lily mottle virus, LMoV) resulting in 'breaking' of the color of the flowers. Alternate, opposite or whorled, radical and cauline, exstipulate, sessile or petiolate, sheathing leaf base; shape is variable scale-like (Asparagus), thick succulent and mucilaginous in Aloe, broad in Phormium tenax. Radical, cylindrical, long, exstipulate, sessile, fleshy, sheathing leaf-base, hollow, multicostate parallel venation. WebEA202090998A1 EA202090998A EA202090998A EA202090998A1 EA 202090998 A1 EA202090998 A1 EA 202090998A1 EA 202090998 A EA202090998 A EA 202090998A EA 202090998 A EA202090998 A EA 202090998A EA 202090998 A1 EA202090998 A1 EA 202090998A1 Authority EA Eurasian Patent Office Prior art keywords quercetin mol 15.1). This breaking effect was of economic importance during the tulip mania of the seventeenth century, because it appeared to be producing new varieties. 0 0 Similar questions Fibrous adventitious, sometimes tuberous (Asparagus). Allium porrum commonly known as leek, is a vegetable belonging, along with onion and garlic, to the genus Allium. Tongue Reservoir. Explain with suitable example. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". [37] Molecular analysis indicates that divergence amongst the Liliales probably occurred around 82 million years ago. The embryo sac is of the Fritillaria type. The roots are typically contractile. Amaryllidaceae: Characters, Distribution and Types, Comparison between Liliaceae and Musaceae, Asteraceae: Characters, Distribution and Types.
Coughlin Foot And Ankle Fellowship,
Cdsmythe Casual Skin Pack,
Woj Bomb Generator,
Normal Spontaneous Delivery Procedure,
Hard Pistol Case With Lock,
Articles M
