Zwingli was a scholar and preacher who moved to Zrichthe then-leading city statein 1518, a year after Martin Luther began the Reformation in Germany with his Ninety-five Theses. While the Anabaptist movement enjoyed popularity in the region in the early decades of the Reformation, Calvinism, in the form of the Dutch Reformed Church, became the dominant Protestant faith in the country from the 1560s onward. Two churches with Hussite roots are now the second and third biggest churches among the largely agnostic peoples: Czech Brethren (which gave origin to the international church known as the Moravian Church) and the Czechoslovak Hussite Church. In 1525 the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights secularised the territory, became Lutheran, and established Lutheranism as the state church. Among the cultural manifestations of the Catholic Reformation in Europe was the development of the Baroque style in Art. Profound social and political changes were taking place in the West, with the awakening of . In Switzerland, the teachings of the reformers and especially those of Zwingli and Calvin had a profound effect, despite frequent quarrels between the different branches of the Reformation. German princes and the Holy Roman Emperor. All of Scandinavia ultimately adopted Lutheranism over the course of the 16th century, as the monarchs of Denmark (who also ruled Norway and Iceland) and Sweden (who also ruled Finland) converted to that faith. [citation needed]. "The Reformation in the Netherlands: Some Historiographic Contributions in English. In Table Talk, Luther describes it as a sudden realization. Choose one of these movements and discuss the influence of political, spiritual, or cultural aspects of the movement as well as any subsequent strife (warfare and other forms of violence). Luxembourg, a part of the Spanish Netherlands, remained Catholic during the Reformation era because Protestantism was illegal until 1768. Their descendants are still there, such as the Sub-Carpathian Reformed Church. It could be considered to end with the enactment of the confessions of faith. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. The Puritans persecuted those of other religious faiths,[60] for example, Anne Hutchinson was banished to Rhode Island during the Antinomian Controversy and Quaker Mary Dyer was hanged in Boston for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony. Additionally, the Orthodox also sought to join the Catholic Church (accomplished in the Union of Brze [Brest]); however, this union failed to achieve a lasting, permanent, and complete union of the Catholics and Orthodox in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. During the Reformation era Protestantism was unsuccessful in Portugal, as its spread was frustrated for similar reasons to those in Spain. The period of tolerance came under strain during the reign of King Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt Wasa). [38], The following supply-side factors have been identified as causes of the Reformation:[39], The following demand-side factors have been identified as causes of the Reformation:[39], A 2020 study linked the spread of Protestantism to personal ties to Luther (e.g. [a] Due to the reform efforts of Hus and other Bohemian reformers, Utraquist Hussitism was acknowledged by the Council of Basel and was officially tolerated in the Crown of Bohemia, although other movements were still subject to persecution, including the Lollards in England and the Waldensians in France and Italian regions. Protestant worship services in the local language rather than Latin. [57] Von Mervitz seized a monastery in Viey with the help of his sheriff, Dietrich of Minden, and his soldiers. [18] Pope Alexander VI (14921503) was one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes. While much of his career was spent furthering the cause of church reform, he became fascinated with the subject of religious art in particular. The Counter-Reformation which is also known as Catholic Reformation was known as the era of Catholic Resurgence which started in the response of Protestant Reformation and towards internal revival. His desire for an annulment of his marriage was known as the King's Great Matter. Such strong measures only fanned the flames of protest, however. [29], Despite significant diversity among the early Radical Reformers, some "repeating patterns" emerged among many Anabaptist groups. In 2019, Christos Yannaras told Norman Russell that although he had participated in the Zo movement, he had come to regard it as Crypto-Protestant.[85]. Other suggested ending years relate to the Counter-Reformation or the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. Proximity to neighbours who adopted Protestantism increased the likelihood of adopting Protestantism. Historians began to concentrate on the values, beliefs and behavior of the people at large. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In contrast, Reformed cities typically secularised monastic property. This "Elizabethan Religious Settlement" largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. The Counter-Reformation was the label for the Roman Catholic revival of the sixteenth century. The Reformation movement begins in 1517 when a German Augustinian friar named Martin Luther posts a list of grievances, called the Ninety-Five Theses, against the Roman Catholic Church. Income differences between Protestants and Catholics. letter correspondents, visits, former students) and trade routes.[46]. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Christians began to openly criticize the Roman Catholic Church for teaching things contrary to the Bible. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva. In Electoral Saxony the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony was organised and served as an example for other states, although Luther was not dogmatic on questions of polity. Counter-Reformation, also called Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival, in the history of Christianity, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal. In the mid-1520s, a massive popular insurrection, known as the German Peasants' War and partly inspired by the Reformation, produced a variety of challenging new . [citation needed], The strategy the Catholic Church took towards reconverting the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth differed from its strategy elsewhere. The rulers of the nation stressed political, cultural, and religious unity, and by the time of the Lutheran Reformation, the Spanish Inquisition was already 40 years old and had the capability of quickly persecuting any new movement that the leaders of the Catholic Church perceived or interpreted to be religious heterodoxy. In 1566, at the peak of Belgian Reformation, there were an estimated 300,000 Protestants, or 20% of the Belgian population.[78]. Although Robert Barnes attempted to get Henry VIII to adopt Lutheran theology, he refused to do so in 1538 and burned him at the stake in 1540. [64], The Pilgrims held radical Protestant disapproval of Christmas, and its celebration was outlawed in Boston from 1659 to 1681. In Sweden, the Reformation was spearheaded by Gustav Vasa, elected king in 1523, with major contributions by Olaus Petri, a Swedish clergyman. Other Protestant movements grew up along the lines of mysticism or humanism (cf. [3] The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. He was the father of seven children, including Lucrezia and Cesare Borgia. The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther such as Zwingli in Zrich and John Calvin in Geneva. This Catholic reform movement is called the Counter-Reformation. [citation needed], Hus objected to some of the practices of the Roman Catholic Church and wanted to return the church in Bohemia and Moravia to earlier practices: liturgy in the language of the people (i.e. The diversity of Reformation political thought also emerged over the issue of whether secular authorities should play a positive, even a leading role in the renewal of Christianity to which Protestant reformers were committed. The end of the sale of indulgences. [74] In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam (October 1685), giving free passage to Huguenot refugees and tax-free status to them for ten years. Protestant literature was produced at greater levels in cities where media markets were more competitive, making these cities more likely to adopt Protestantism. A number of theologians in the Holy Roman Empire preached reformation ideas in the 1510s, shortly before or simultaneously with Luther, including Christoph Schappeler in Memmingen (as early as 1513). Executions ceased in 1661 when King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism. Reform writers used existing styles, cliches and stereotypes which they adapted as needed. Upon his return to the country Kihn John Casimir crowned Mary a Queen of Poland. French Protestantism, though its appeal increased under persecution, came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. The Reformation in western and central Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther and his 95 Theses. Southern Europe remained predominantly Catholic apart from the much-persecuted Waldensians. Through German trade connections, many young Icelanders studied in Hamburg. Czech), having lay people receive communion in both kinds (bread and winethat is, in Latin, communio sub utraque specie), married priests, and eliminating indulgences and the concept of purgatory. This challenge to Papal supremacy resulted in a breach with the Roman Catholic Church. Ottoman incursions decreased conflicts between Protestants and Catholics, helping the Reformation take root. It is also considered to be one of the events that signified the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in Europe.[2]. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter Mary, Queen of Scots (then also Queen of France). He dramatised Luther's views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, while remaining mindful of Luther's careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery. The Reformation has been credited as a key factor in the development of the state system. Anne Locke translated some of Calvin's writings to English around this time. Molinism presented a soteriology similar to Protestants within the Roman Catholic Church. Those who fled to England were given support by the Church of England. Greater entrepreneurship among religious minorities in Protestant states. Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modern day Anabaptists. This unit introduces three religious-based reform movements: Protestantism in mainland Europe, Protestantism in England, and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, as well as the subsequent violence they caused. Which statement best describes a reform initiated by the Council of Trent? Its development was stopped by the Counter-Reformation, the Inquisition and also popular disinterest. "[126], Partly due to Martin Luther's love for music, music became important in Lutheranism. [15] Wycliffe was posthumously condemned as a heretic and his corpse exhumed and burned in 1428. Back then, Slovakia used to be a part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The adoption of Lutheranism was also one of the main reasons for the eruption of the Dacke War, a peasants uprising in Smland. Divergent work attitudes of Protestant and Catholics. The Counter-Reformation The Reformation's Legacy The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic. Giorgio Biandrata, Bernardino Ochino, Giovanni Alciato, Giovanni Battista Cetis, Fausto Sozzini, Francesco Stancaro and Giovanni Valentino Gentile), who propagated Nontrinitarianism there and were chief instigators of the movement of Polish Brethren. This led to a Counter-Reformation in Spain in the 1530s. The term Counter-Reformationdenotes the period of Catholicrevival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IVin 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648. The establishment of many Protestant churches, groups, and movements, including. Key events of the period include: Diet of Worms (1521), formation of the Lutheran Duchy of Prussia (1525), English Reformation (1529 onwards), the Council of Trent (154563), the Peace of Augsburg (1555), the excommunication of Elizabeth I (1570), Edict of Nantes (1598) and Peace of Westphalia (1648). The Commonwealth was unique in Europe in the 16th century for its widespread tolerance confirmed by the Warsaw Confederation. The Counter-Reformation (also known as the Catholic Reformation, 1545 to c. 1700) was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation (1517-1648). The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [citation needed], The absence of Protestants, however, does not necessarily imply a failure of the Reformation. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its complete failure. Friction with the pope over the latter's interference in Swedish ecclesiastical affairs led to the discontinuance of any official connection between Sweden and the papacy since 1523. Numerous colleges and universities were set up throughout the country: the Jesuits and Piarists were important in this regard but there were contributions of other religious orders such as the Dominicans. The desire of many people to read the Bible in the language they spoke at home rather than in Latin. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. As it was led by a Bohemian noble majority, and recognised, for some time, by the Basel Compacts, the Hussite Reformation was Europe's first "Magisterial Reformation" because the ruling magistrates supported it, unlike the "Radical Reformation", which the state did not support. Similar attitudes developed among Catholics, who in turn encouraged the creation and use of music for religious purposes.[127]. The Counter-Reformation was a religious and political movement that involved the creation of new practices and policies in the Catholic Church. Erasmus and Louis de Berquin who was martyred in 1529), sometimes breaking from Rome or from the Protestants, or forming outside of the churches. In which John Green teaches you about the Protestant Reformation. . In the first decade of the Reformation, Luther's message became a movement, and the output of religious pamphlets in Germany was at its height. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. [86], There is no universal agreement on the exact or approximate date the Reformation ended. The Reformation developed further to include a distinction between Law and Gospel, a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper doctrine (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus is the only way to receive God's pardon for sin (sola fide) rather than good works. Much of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary adopted Protestantism during the 16th century. Most current estimates place the world's Protestant population in the range of 800 million to more than 1billion. From SmartHistory, here is a great lecture to give you an overview of the Counter Reformation. Movements had been made towards a Reformation prior to Martin Luther, so some Protestants, such as Landmark Baptists, and the tradition of the Radical Reformation prefer to credit the start of the Reformation to reformers such as Arnold of Brescia, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Petr Chelick, and Girolamo Savonarola.
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