3l:rmO"XDhG%2| The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. 7 Topics Revenue Allocation in Nigeria | Week 9. s" It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. (Tanzi, 1996). Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? Required fields are marked *. More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. a group of selected academic teachers this book is suitable for adoption as a resource for a case driven approach to teaching "Corporate Governance" courses at an upper undergraduate or graduate level. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. The 1951 constitution gave more strength to regionalism with the creation of two chamber legislation in the northern and western Nigeria. All rights reserved. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. ff>qsfN? In other not to control only some parts of the big country, Nigeria, the colonial masters thought it wise to divide the country into different component units that will be represented in the government. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. /Contents 4 0 R The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. In the same way, the political culture of the United States is civic, republican and participatory. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. Problems facing the legal profession in Nigeria, History of the legal profession in Nigeria, Problems of Local Government in Nigeria And Solutions, 5 important Characteristic of customary law, Sources of Nigerian Law: everything you need to know. After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. (eds. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. The federal government however has occupied a very strong position vis--vis the State and Local government since the 1970's in Nigeria. It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. As a heterogeneous state, Nigeria operates a federal structure which accommodates a Central government and sub-national, otherwise, state governments with several other municipal administrations; local government, therefore enabling a tripartite level of governance. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? Nigeria's founding fathers desired a federal political framework, believing that federal states have the structural capacity to accommodate diversity. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. The Emergence of Nigeria as a political entity under colonial rule was not an easy affair. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . federalism, a heavily coercive effort by a nondemocratic centralizing power to put together a multinational state, some of the components of which had previously been independent states. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. Economic factors in adoption of federalism in Nigeria are not unconnected with the issues of resource control, wealth generation and redistribution, and income distribution. Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. This notwithstanding, the concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. Hon. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. /F7 24 0 R reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. @VF:8=|@5&/1df gbjtCoy(L5A,JCI1/'5DT8`A!UY*&wTN5[v;KXvH* 5:>}W^Bp_ ;R!&L %s\q'(], This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. /Height 235 Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). In this article, i will comprehensively discuss the reasons for federalism in Nigeria. What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. 3. There must exist supremacy of the constitution, which implies that laws passed by the authority in the federal arrangement, if contrary to the constitution shall be declared to be ultra votes. Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . Promoters of the idea were of the view that the POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. 3 0 obj Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. What a nice article, very educative for students in school, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Economic factors and Diversities in culture. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. 2. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . Asst. Moreover, There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. Keywords: Civil war, Secession, Self-determination, Nationalism and Restructuring, This work critically examines the issues undermining the unification of Nigeria, using indicators and concepts including failed state, separatist agitation and insecurity. Also, there was a demand for more local regions by all these ethnic interest groups which was what led to the creation of new states. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. There is no doubt that geographical factored are one of the influential reasons for federalism in Nigeria. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. Email Address. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. 74 . 2. It will schock you to know Nigerias adoption of federalism was also in the interest of the leaders. 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting . ! This is so because where federal principles apply, the various ethnic groups that cannot or dont form majority to produce large part may have the opportunity of governing themselves within their federating unit controlled by them. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Fear of insecurity and the desire for a Union Meaning of federalism? On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. It was under the 1954 constitution that federal system of government was fully adopted. 7. The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. >> 7 Topics . Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. This feature of federalism is widely believed to be a veritable framework for even and need-sensitive development. Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. Rt. V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ However, that is not so in a federal government system. Adobe d C The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. Indeed, whatever scholarly connotations they bear, one strongly believes that they all enjoy one clear focus. Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. It is our pleasure. By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. Full History of Nigerian Federalism. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?
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